Tanzania’s political landscape is currently marked by increasing authoritarianism, with President Samia Suluhu Hassan’s administration facing significant criticism for suppressing opposition, curbing press freedoms, and limiting democratic reforms.
Political Climate and Repression
Since assuming office in 2021 following the death of President John Magufuli, Samia Suluhu Hassan initially signaled a shift towards democratic reforms by lifting bans on political rallies and engaging in dialogue with opposition leaders. However, recent developments indicate a reversal of these reforms. Notably, in April 2025, the main opposition party, Chadema, was disqualified from the upcoming October 2025 general election due to a procedural issue, effectively sidelining a significant political challenger.
Human rights organizations have reported an uptick in politically motivated violence and arbitrary detentions. In May 2025, Kenyan activist Boniface Mwangi and Ugandan activist Agather Atuhaire were allegedly detained and sexually assaulted by Tanzanian security forces while attending the court appearance of opposition leader Tundu Lissu, who faces treason charges . Additionally, in August 2024, hundreds of opposition supporters were arrested ahead of local elections, and in September 2024, opposition leader Mohamed Ali Kibao was found murdered in what is believed to be a politically motivated attack.
Electoral System and Legal Framework
Tanzania’s political system is characterized by a dominant-party structure, with the ruling Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) party holding a significant majority in the National Assembly. The CCM has won the past six general elections since the reintroduction of a multi-party system in 1992.
The electoral process has been criticized for lacking independence. The president appoints members of the National Electoral Commission, and recent legal amendments have been perceived as insufficient to ensure a fair and competitive electoral environment.
Key Political Parties
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Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM): The ruling party, which has maintained a dominant position in Tanzanian politics since its formation.
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Chadema: The main opposition party, which has faced increasing challenges, including disqualification from the 2025 elections and internal leadership disputes
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ACT-Wazalendo: Another opposition party that has struggled to gain significant traction due to restrictive political laws and limited public support.
International Response and Outlook
The international community has expressed concern over the deteriorating political situation in Tanzania. Human rights organizations, including Amnesty International, have called for investigations into allegations of torture and repression. The European Union and the United States have also criticized the government’s actions, urging respect for democratic principles and human rights.
As Tanzania approaches the October 2025 general election, the political environment remains tense, with limited space for opposition activities and ongoing human rights concerns. The outcome of this election will be pivotal in determining the future trajectory of Tanzania’s political landscape.
